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The scarse inclination of the newly-formed urban middle-class for military activities led to a search for the
protection and support of their interests by the powerful feudal families. In a short time, although in the name
of the people, they acquired the signoria or lordship of the old communes. Their sphere of interest then often
spread considerably beyond the original town and its surrounding district, forming a much more extensive territory.
In practice, the change from commune to new signoria also signified the transformation of the first city-states
into true and proper States, whose political force was therefore directly connected to their economic power.
In this atmosphere of renewed vitality, culture also prospered with a new enthusiasm for the study of the classical
world and a revaluation of interest in nature and man (humanism). The arts (from literature to the expressive
and figurative) had one of their finest moments. The appearance of towns was transformed with the introduction
of new styles of architecture. During this period Italy indeed became the cultural centre of Europe.
Among the great signorial families emerged the Este at Ferrara, Gonzaga at Mantua, Scaligeri at Verona, Malatesta
at Rimini, Montefeltro at Urbino, Carraresi at Padua and Torriani at Milan. At Florence there survived, althought
with considerable dif ficulty (as the Ciompi Revolt of the woolworkers in 1378), the free republican institutions,
and at Rome the absence of the papacy resulted in the brief, impossible, revolutionary dream of Cola di Rienzo
(1347-54).
Among the young Italian signorie in the second half of the 14C, the most ambitious proved to be the Visconti,
who had succeeded the Torriani in governing Milan (1350). Their founder, Gian Galeazzo, pursued a policy of expansion
(not without the support of well-organized mercenary armies and their condottieri) throughout a large part of the
Po Valley and even as far as Genoa, Umbria and Tuscany but came up against the firm resistance of the pope and
Florence. On the death of Gian Galeazzo in 1402, the ambitions of the Duchy of Milan were reduced and Venice, having
subdued the other Venetian signorie, succeeded in advancing as far as the banks of the Adda. In the meantime also
the Florentine republic was drawing to an end. In 1382 the last corporations represented in the city's government
were removed and an oligarchic regime installed that would later lead to the signoria of Cosimo de' Medici
(1434). While several years later the king of Sicily, Alfonso d'Aragona, seized the throne of Naples (1442) and
the Visconti of Milan were replaced by the Sforza (1448), after the brief interlude of the Repubblica Ambrosiana.
A period of calm, in the agitated political panorama of Renaissance Italy, seemed to be heralded by the Peace
of Lodi (1454). The great Italian states of Milan, Florence, Venice, Rome and Naples agreed to guarantee through
the Lega Italica at least forty years of peace and stability.